General-purpose, subscription-based academic citation indexes include: From this work, Garfield and the ISI produced the first version of the Science Citation Index, published as a book in 1963. To do so, Garfield's team gathered 1.4 million citations from 613 journals. National Institutes of Health to compile a citation index for Genetics. In 1961 Garfield received a grant from the U.S. In 1959, Garfield started a consulting business, the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), in Philadelphia and began a correspondence with Joshua Lederberg about the idea. Two years later Garfield published "Citation indexes for science" in the journal Science. The correspondence prompted Garfield to examine Shepard's Citations index as a model that could be extended to the sciences. After learning that Eugene Garfield held a similar opinion, Adair corresponded with Garfield in 1953. William Adair, a former president of Shepard's Citations, suggested in 1920 that citation indexes could serve as a tool for tracking science and engineering literature. The most important and best-known citation index for legal cases was released in 1873 with the publication of Shepard's Citations. (1860) and in 1872 by Wait's Table of Cases.New York. These early tables of legal citations ("citators") were followed by a more complete, book length index, Labatt's Table of Cases.California. Simon Greenleaf (1821) published an alphabetical list of cases with notes on later decisions affecting the precedential authority of the original decision. In English legal literature, volumes of judicial reports included lists of cases cited in that volume starting with Raymond's Reports (1743) and followed by Douglas's Reports (1783). Unlike modern scholarly citation indexes, only references to one work, the Bible, were indexed. The Talmudic citation index En Mishpat (1714) even included a symbol to indicate whether a Talmudic decision had been overridden, just as in the 19th-century Shepard's Citations. These citation indices were used both for general and for legal study. Later biblical citation indexes are in the order of the canonical text. It is organized alphabetically by biblical phrase. The earliest known citation index is an index of biblical citations in rabbinic literature, the Mafteah ha-Derashot, attributed to Maimonides and probably dating to the 12th century. Other sources for such data include Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, Elsevier's Scopus, and the National Institutes of Health's iCite. The first automated citation indexing was done by CiteSeer in 1997 and was patented. American Chemical Society converted its printed Chemical Abstract Service (established in 1907) into internet-accessible SciFinder in 2008. In 1961, Eugene Garfield's Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) introduced the first citation index for papers published in academic journals, first the Science Citation Index (SCI), and later the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI). Legal citation indexes are found in the 18th century and were made popular by citators such as Shepard's Citations (1873). A form of citation index is first found in 12th-century Hebrew religious literature. A citation index is a kind of bibliographic index, an index of citations between publications, allowing the user to easily establish which later documents cite which earlier documents.
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